F G Bell, "Engineering Geology"

F G Bell, "Engineering Geology"
Butterworth-Heinemann | ISBN: 0750680776 | 2 edition (February 14, 2007) | PDF | 592 pages | 24 MB 

Every engineering structure, whether it's a building, bridge or road, is affected by the ground on which it is built. Geology is of fundamental importance when deciding on the location and design of all engineering works, and it is essential that engineers have a basic knowledge of the subject.

Engineering Geology introduces the fundamentals of the discipline and ensures that engineers have a clear understanding of the processes at work, and how they will impact on what is to be built. Core areas such as stratigraphy, rock types, structures and geological processes are explained, and put in context. The basics of soil mechanics and the links between groundwater conditions and underlying geology are introduced.

As well as the theoretical knowledge necessary, Professor Bell introduces the techniques that engineers will need to learn about and understand the geological conditions in which they intend to build. Site investigation techniques are detailed, and the risks and risk avoidance methods for dealing with different conditions are explained.

* Accessible introduction to geology for engineers
* Key points illustrated with diagrams and photographs
* Teaches the impact of geology on the planning and design of structures

 

Contents

1.Rock Types and Stratigraphy

Igneous Rocks 1

Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks 15

Sedimentary Rocks 25

Stratigraphy and Stratification 38

2.Geological Structures

Folds 47

Faults 55

Discontinuities 61

3.Surface Processes

Weathering 77

Movement of Slopes 88

Fluvial Processes 100

Karst Topography and Underground Drainage 111

Glaciation 114

Wind Action and Desert Landscapes 126

Coasts and Shorelines 135

Storm Surges and Tsunamis 144

4.Groundwater Conditions and Supply

The Origin and Occurrence of Groundwater 151

The Water Table or Phreatic Surface 151

Aquifers, Aquicludes and Aquitards 152

Capillary Movement in Soil 156

Porosity and Permeability 157

Flow through Soils and Rocks 165

Pore Pressures, Total Pressures and Effective Pressures 169

Critical Hydraulic Gradient, Quick Conditions and

Hydraulic Uplift Phenomena 172

Groundwater Exploration 173

Assessment of Field Permeability 177

Assessment of Flow in the Field 180

Groundwater Quality 183

Wells 186

Safe Yield 189

Artificial Recharge 190

Groundwater Pollution 191

5.Description, Properties and Behaviour of Soils and Rocks

Soil Classification 201

Coarse Soils 210

Silts and Loess 213

Clay Deposits 217

Tropical Soils 227

Dispersive Soils 229

Soils of Arid Regions 232

Tills and Other Glacially Associated Deposits 235

Frost Action in Soil 242

Organic Soils: Peat 247

Description of Rocks and Rock Masses 249

Engineering Aspects of Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks 254

Engineering Behaviour of Sedimentary Rocks 259

6.Geological Materials Used in Construction

Building or Dimension Stone 277

Roofing and Facing Materials 287

Armourstone 289

Crushed Rock: Concrete Aggregate 291

Road Aggregate 294

Gravels and Sands 297

Lime, Cement and Plaster 301

Clays and Clay Products 302

7.Site Investigation

Desk Study and Preliminary Reconnaissance 311

Site Exploration – Direct Methods 318

In Situ Testing 334

Field Instrumentation 344

Geophysical Methods: Indirect Site Exploration 346

Maps for Engineering Purposes 365

Geographical Information Systems 369

8.Geology, Planning and Development

Introduction 377

Geological Hazards, Risk Assessment and Planning 380

Hazard Maps 381

Natural Geological Hazards and Planning 383

Geological-Related Hazards Induced by Man 420

Derelict and Contaminated Land 446

9.Geology and Construction

Open Excavation 453

Tunnels and Tunnelling 470

Underground Caverns 496

Shafts and Raises 499

Reservoirs 501

Dams and Dam Sites 507

Highways 523

Railroads 536

Bridges 537

Foundations for Buildings 539

Suggestions for Further Reading 551

References 559

Index 575

 

Geological Methods in Mineral Exploration and Mining, Second Edition

Roger Marjoribanks, "Geological Methods in Mineral Exploration and Mining, Second Edition"
Springer | 2010 | ISBN: 3540743707 | 238 pages | PDF | 5,6 MB

This practical step-by-step guide describes the key geological field techniques needed by today's exploration geologists involved in the search for metallic mineral deposits. The techniques described are fundamental to the collection, storage and presentation of geological data and their use to locate ore. This book explains the various tasks which an exploration geologist is asked to perform in the sequence in which they might be employed in an actual exploration project. Hints and tips are given and the steps are illustrated with numerous examples drawn from real programmes on which the author has worked. Traditional skills are emphasised to show how they can be combined effectively with modern high-technology approaches. For instance this second edition also reviews new techniques geophysics along with GPS applications in exploration and the application of state-of-the-art software to mapping, 3D modelling and resource estimation. Another important facet is the discussion of harm minimisation, especially during the exploration stage, beginning with landowner and community consultation, through exploration planning, leading to sustainable and environmentally responsible mining practices.

Contents
1 Prospecting and the Exploration Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Generating New Projects and Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Some Ways of Generating New Exploration Ideas . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 A Check-List of Negative Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5 Stages in Prospect Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5.1 Target Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5.2 Target Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5.3 Resource Evaluation Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5.4 Feasibility Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.6 Maximizing Success in Exploration Programmes . . . . . . . . 7
1.7 Different Types of Exploration Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.8 Exploration Feedbacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.9 Breaking Occam’s Razor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2 Geological Mapping in Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.1 WhyMake aMap? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.2 TheNature of aGeologicalMap . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1.3 Intelligent Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.4 Choosing the Best Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.1.5 Choosing the Best Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.1.6 Measuring and Recording Structures . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.1.7 Using Satellite Navigation (GPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2 Mapping Using Reflectance Imagery as a Map Base . . . . . . 25
2.2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2.2 Acquiring Air Photographs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.3 Geological Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.4 Determining Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2.5 Stereoscopic Image Pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.2.6 Image Handling Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2.7 Working with Enlarged Air Photographs . . . . . . . . 34

2.2.8 DataTransfer toBaseMap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.3 Mapping with a Plane Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.4 Mapping on a Pegged Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.4.1 Requirements of the Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.4.2 Making theMap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.5 Mapping with Tape and Compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3 Mine Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.2 Mapping in Open Cuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.3 Mapping Underground Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.4 Safety inMines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4 Trenching and Underground Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.1 Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.2 Pitting and Trenching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.3 Underground Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.4 Safety and Logistics in Trenching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.5 Geological Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.6 Geochemical Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.7 Examples of Successful Exploration Programmes . . . . . . . . 71
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5 Drilling: A General Discussion the Importance of Drilling . . . . . 75
5.1 Types of Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.2 Choosing the Right Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.3 TargetingHoles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.4 Drilling on Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
6 Rotary Percussion and Auger Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.1 Rotary Percussion Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.1.1 Reverse Circulation Drilling (RC) . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.1.2 Air Core Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
6.1.3 Rotary Air Blast (RAB) Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
6.2 Auger Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
7 Diamond Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
7.1 Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
7.2 SomeDefinitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
7.3 BeforeYouBegin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
7.4 Setting Up a Diamond Hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
7.5 GeologicalObservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
7.6 Recognizing and Interpreting Structures in Core . . . . . . . . . 104

7.6.1 Statement of theProblem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
7.6.2 Planar Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
7.6.3 Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
7.6.4 Linear Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
7.6.5 Folds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
7.6.6 The Scale Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
7.6.7 Vergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
7.7 Measuring and Recording Structures in Core . . . . . . . . . . 113
7.8 Core Logging Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
7.8.1 Prose Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
7.8.2 Graphical Scale Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
7.8.3 Analytical Spreadsheet Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
7.9 Down-HoleSurveying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
7.9.1 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
7.9.2 Using Down-Hole Survey Data to Plot Sections andPlans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
7.10 When Should Core Be Oriented? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7.11 Sampling andAssaying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7.12 CoreHandling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
7.13 Core Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
8 Satellite Imagery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
8.1 General Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
8.2 How Earth Observation Satellites Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
8.3 Display of Satellite Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
8.4 Geological Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
8.5 Analysis of Reflectance Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
9 Geophysical and Geochemical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
9.1 General Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
9.2 Magnetic Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
9.3 GravitySurveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
9.4 RadiometricSurveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
9.5 Electromagnetic (EM) Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
9.6 ElectricalSurveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
9.7 Hybrid Electrical and Magnetic Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
9.8 Advances in Instrumentation and Data Modelling . . . . . . . . 153
9.9 Stream Sediment Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
9.10 SoilSampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
9.11 Heavy Mineral Concentrate (HMC) Sampling . . . . . . . . . . 158
9.12 RockChipSampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
9.13 LateriteSampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

10 Geographical Information Systems and Exploration Databases . . 165
10.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
10.2 The Need for Digital Exploration Databases . . . . . . . . . . . 165
10.3 GISStorage ofMapData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
10.3.1 Digitised Line Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
10.3.2 Polygon or Vector Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
10.3.3 RasterFormat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
10.4 Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
10.5 Georeferencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
10.5.1 Geographical Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
10.5.2 CartesianCoordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
10.5.3 MapDatums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
10.5.4 MapRegistering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
10.6 Manipulation ofGISData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
10.7 Presentation ofGISData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Appendix A
Notes on the Use of Graphical Scale Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
A.1 Column 1(HoleDepth) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
A.2 Column 2(CoreRecovery) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
A.3 Column 3 (Core Quality) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
A.4 Column 4 (SampleNo.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
A.5 Column 5 (AssayResults) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
A.6 Column 6 (Mapping Logs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
A.7 Column 7 (HistogramLogs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
A.8 Column 8 (GeologyNotes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
A.9 Column 9 (SummaryLog) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
A.10 RemarksArea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Appendix B
Oriented Drill Core: Techniques and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . 183
B.1 Techniques for Orienting Drill Core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
B.1.1 Non-mechanical Means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
B.1.2 Mechanical Means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
B.2 How to Handle Oriented Core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
B.3 HowtoMeasureStructures inOrientedCore . . . . . . . . . . 190
B.3.1 BeforeYouMeasure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
B.3.2 How Many Measurements Are Needed? . . . . . . . . 191
B.3.3 UsingaCoreFrame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
B.3.4 UsingInternalCoreAngles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
B.3.5 Discussion on the Best Measuring Technique . . . . . 201
B.3.6 Plotting Structure Measurements on Drill Section . . . 202
Appendix C
Calculating Strike and Dip from Multiple Diamond Drill Holes . . 205
C.1 TheThreePointProblem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
C.2 SolutionUsingStructureContours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
C.3 Solution Using a Stereonet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
C.4 An Elegant Solution to Determining the Attitude of
Planes in Non-oriented Core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Appendix D
How to Use a Stereo Net to Convert Internal Core Angles to Geographic Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
D.1 The Solution for Planar Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
D.2 The Solution for Linear Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Appendix E
Practical Field Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
E.1 Choosing the Right Compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
E.2 Understanding Your Compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
E.3 Measuring the Strike and Dip of Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
E.4 Measuring the Trend and Plunge of Lineations . . . . . . . . . 218
Appendix F
Suggested Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Acronyms and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Download Here

William G. Pariseau “Design Analysis in Rock Mechanics"

William G. Pariseau “Design Analysis in Rock Mechanics"
Taylor & Francis | 2006-10-20 | ISBN: 041540357X | 560 pages | PDF | 6,4 MB

 Supplying numerous example problems illustrating design analysis techniques, this text approaches important design issues in rock mechanics from a mechanics of materials foundation. It addresses rock slope stability in surface excavations, shaft and tunnel stability, and entries and pillars. The book also covers three-dimensional caverns with an emphasis of backfill and cable bolting and addresses the geometry and forces of chimney caving. Appendices contain supplementary information about rock, joint, and composite properties, rock mass classification schemes, and useful formulas. A solutions manual is available for the many problems posed at the end of each chapter.

Content
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xv
1 Introduction  (1.06 Mb)
1.1 A practical design objective 3
1.2 Problem solving 4
1.3 Units 5
1.4 Background information 6

• Rock mechanics literature 6
• Mechanical properties of rock 7

1.5 Problems 7

• Basics 7
• Review of stress 8
• Review of strain and elasticity 10

2 Slope stability  (0.5 Mb)
2.1 Translational rock slope failures 18

• Planar block slides 18
• Saftey factor improvement 31
• Wedge failures 38

2.2 Rotational slope failures 60

• Remedial measures 68
• Base failures 70
• Toppling failures 72

2.3 Problems 73

• Planar block slides 73
• Wedge failures 78
• Rotational slides 81
• Dynamics, toppling 85

3 Shafts  (1.9 Mb)
3.1 Single unlined naturally supported shafts 87

• Shaft wall stress concentration 88
• Unlined circular shafts 89
• Unlined elliptical shafts 94
• Unlined rectangular shafts 101
• Shaft wall strengths 113

3.2 Shaft wall support and liners 121

• Shaft wall bolting 122
• Circular shaft liners 130
• Circular steel rings 140

3.3 Multiple naturally supported shafts 142

• Circular shafts in a row 142
• Shaft pillar safety 148
• Two circular shafts of different diameter 153
• Elliptical shafts in a row 155
• Rectangular shafts in a row 158

3.4 Problems 162

• Single, naturally supported shafts 162
• Supported shafts, liners, bolts, rings 169
• Multiple shafts 173

4 Tunnels  (0.5 Mb)
4.1 Naturally supported tunnels 175

• Single tunnels 177
• Single tunnel joints 184
• Multiple tunnels 189

4.2 Tunnel support 194

• Fixed steel sets 194
• Pattern bolting – rock reinforcement 208
• Combination support 212
• Yieldable steel arches 218
• Light segment liner 219

4.3 Problems 220

• Naturally supported tunnels 220
• Supported tunnels 221
• Rock mass classification schemes, RQD 226

5 Entries in stratified ground  (0.5 Mb)
5.1 Review of beam analysis 229

• Basic beam formulas 230
• Important special cases 234

5.2 Softrock entries 243

• Naturally supported roof 243
• Bolted roof 255
• Point anchored roof bolting 255
• Distributed anchorage roof bolting 261
• Roof trusses 264

5.3 Problems 266

• Naturally supported roof 266
• Bolted roof 268

6 Pillars in stratified ground  (0.5 Mb)
6.1 Pillars in a single seam 277

• Tributary area, extraction ratio analysis 277
• Size effect on strength 281

6.2 Pillars in dipping strata 289

• Extraction ratio formulas for pillars in dipping seams 289
• An unconventional Mohr’s circle representation 293
• Generalized Mohr’s circle 298
• Backfill effects on pillar safety factors 300

6.3 Pillars with joints 306

• Flat seam pillars with joints 306
• Dipping seam pillars with joints 310

6.4 Pillars in several seams 315

• Columnized main entry pillars 315
• Staggered chain entry pillars 321

6.5 Barrier pillars 324
6.6 Problems 329

7 Three-dimensional excavations  (0.7 Mb)
7.1 Naturally supported caverns and stopes 346

• Spheroidal excavations 347
• Cubical and brick-shaped excavations 356

7.2 Joints in cavern and stope walls 363
7.3 Tabular excavations 364 7.4 Cavern and stope support 366

• Hardrock mine fill 367
• Cable bolt support 386

7.5 Problems 390

• 3D Caverns 390
• Back fill 391
• Cable bolting 393

8 Subsidence  (1.7 Mb)
8.1 Chimneys 397

• Chimney cave geometry 398
• Caving rock flow 405
• Chimney cave forces 407
• Chimney cave water forces 417
• Support near caving ground 421

8.2 Troughs 430

• Limit of subsidence 431
• Maximum subsidence 433
• Critical width 433
• NCB subsidence profile 435
• Angle of draw and subsidence factor adjustments 440
• NCB strain profile 444
• Surface damage 451
• Multipanel, multiseam subsidence 455
• Alternative approaches to subsidence 461

8.3 Problems 461

• Chimney caving 461
• Combination support 464
• Subsidence troughs 467

Appendix A: Background literature 469
A.1 Books about fundamentals of mechanics 469
A.2 Books about rock mechanics 470
A.3 Books containing rock properties 471
A.4 General sources of rock mechanics information 472

Appendix B: Mechanical properties of intact rock and joints 473
B.1 Elastic moduli of intact rock 474

• Young’s modulus 474
• Poisson’s ratio 477
• Shear modulus 479
• Anisotropy 480

B.2 Strength of intact rock 482

• Tensile strength 482
• Unconfined compressive strength 485
• Compressive strength under confining pressure 495
• Mohr–Coulomb strength 497
• Hoek–Brown strength 499
• Drucker–Prager strength 499
• Nonlinear n-type strength 501
• Compressive strength test data 501

B.3 Joint stiffness 507

• Normal stiffness 508
• Shear stiffness 509

B.4 Joint strength 509
B.5 Simple combinations of intact rock and joints 512

• Continuously jointed rock mass moduli 514
• Discontinuously jointed rock mass moduli 518
• Continuously jointed rock mass strengths 520
• Discontinuously jointed rock mass strengths 523

Appendix C: Rock mass classification schemes for engineering 529
C.1 Rock quality designation 529
C.2 Terzaghi modified scheme 529
C.3 RSR, RMR, and Q 530
C.4 Comparisons of Hp estimates 531

Appendix D: Some useful formulas 533
D.1 Stress 533

• Normal and shear stress on a plane 535
• Principal (normal) stresses 536
• Principal shear stresses 537
• Mohr’s circle 538

D.2 Strain 539

• Strain rosettes 539
• Small strain–displacement relations 541

D.3 Stress–strain relationships, Hooke’s law 541

• Hooke’s law in one dimension – Young’s modulus and shear modulus 541
• Hooke’s law in two-dimensions – plane stress and plane strain 549

References 551
Index 557

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Sumatra: Geology, Resources and Tectonic Evolution (Geological Society Memoirs, No. 31)

Sumatra: Geology, Resources and Tectonic Evolution (Geological Society Memoirs, No. 31)

Publisher: Geological Society of London | ISBN: 1862391807 | edition 2005 | PDF | 300 pages | 47,8 mb

 This volume provides the first comprehensive account of the geology of Sumatra since the masterly synthesis of van Bemmelen (1949). Following the establishment of the Geological Survey of Indonesia, after WW II, the whole island has been mapped geologically at the reconnaissance level, with the collaboration of the geological surveys of the United States and the United Kingdom. The mapping programme, completed in the mid-1990s, together with supplementary data obtained by academic institutions and petroleum and mineral exploration companies, has resulted in a vast increase in geological information, which is summarized in this volume. The synthesis of structural controls on sedimentation and magmatism during the tectonic evolution of Sumatra since the late Palaeozoic has provided a background for the formation of economic deposits of metallic minerals, coal, oil and gas. The volume provides a sound basis for future geological research and for the exploration of the energy and mineral resources of the island.

CONTENT

Chapter 1. Introduction and previous research (3.0 Mb)
A. J. BARBER, M. J. CROW & J. S. MILSOM 

• History of geological research in Sumatra before WWII
• Post-WWII research
• SEATAR Programme
• Indonesian Petroleum Association
• British and Indonesian Geological Surveys
• University of London Southeast Asian Research Group, BGS and LEMIGAS 
• Southern Sumatra Project

Chapter 2. Seismology and neotectonics (2.2 Mb)
J. S. MILSOM

• Shallow seismicity
• The Wadati-Benioff Zone (WBZ)
• Toba seismicity
• Relative horizontal movements
• GPS data, the Enggano and Simeulue earthquakes and Mentawai Fault
• Vertical movements

Chapter 3. The gravity field (1.6 Mb)
J. S. MILSOM & A. S. D. WALKER

• Data sources
• Regional gravity patterns
• Toba-Tawar gravity low
• Eastern Sumatra
• Gravity effects of sedimentary basins
• The forearc basin
• Seismic tomography and the long-wavelength gravity field

Chapter 4. Pre-Tertiary stratigraphy (3.8 Mb)
A. J. BARBER • M. J. CROW

• Pre-Carboniferous basement
• Tapanuli Group (Carboniferous - ?Early Permian)
• Peusanguan Group (Permo-Triassic)
• Woyla Group (Jurassic-Cretaceous)

Chapter 5. Granites (1.4 Mb)
E. J. COBBING

• Isotopic ages of Sumatran granites
• The granite suites
• Conclusions

Chapter 6. Pre-Tertiary volcanic rocks (2.5 Mb)
M. J. CROW

• Carboniferous volcanism
• East Sumatra Plutonic-Volcanic Belt (Permian volcanism)
• West Sumatra Permian Plutonic-Volcanic Belt (Early-Mid-Permian volcanism)
• Geochemistry of the Silungkang and Palepat Formations
• Metavolcanics and serpentinites in the Medial Sumatra Tectonic Zone
• Bentong-Billiton Accretionary Complex
• West Sumatra Triassic Plutonic-Volcanic Arc
• Pahang Volcanic Belt
• Jurassic-Cretaceous Plutonic-Volcanic Arcs
• Volcanics in the Woyla Accretionary Complex
• Oceanic volcanic arc fragments
• Origins of the volcanic units and their environments of formation

Chapter 7. Tertiary stratigraphy (1.8 Mb)
M. E. M. DE SMET & A. J. BARBER

• Stratigraphic review
• Pre-Rift stage (Eocene)
• Horst and graben stage (latest Eocene-Oligocene)
• Transgressive stage (Late Oligocene-Mid-Miocene)
• Maximum transgression (Mid-Miocene)
• Regressive stage (Mid-Miocene-Present)
• Summary

Chapter 8. Tertiary volcanicity (2.1 Mb)
M. J. CROW

• Radiometric dating of volcanism and plutonism in Sumatra
• Tertiary volcanic stratigraphy
• Major and trace element geochemistry of the Tertiary volcanic rocks
• Volcanism, plutonism and subduction beneath Sumatra during the Tertiary: summary of Tertiary volcanism and tectonic overview

Chapter 9. Quaternary volcanicity (1.5 Mb)
M. GASPARON

• Quaternary volcanic arc and its relationship with main tectonic features of Sumatra
• Pyroclastic deposits
• Quaternary arc volcanoes
• Quaternary backarc volcanics
• Volcanic hazard

Chapter 10. Fuel resources: oil and gas (1.6 Mb)
J. CLURE

• North Sumatra Basin
• Central Sumatra Basin
• South Sumatra Basin
• Other Sumatran basins

Chapter 11. Fuel resources: coal (0.5 Mb)
L. P. THOMAS

• Geology and coal deposits in Sumatra
• Coal quality
• Coal resources and production

Chapter 12. Metallic mineral resources (2.7 Mb)
M. J. CROW & T. M. VAN LEEUWEN

• Sources of data
• Timing of metallic mineralization events in Sumatra
• Palaeozoic sedimentary basins (Pb-Zn)
• Late Triassic-Early Jurassic magmatic arc and the Tin Granites (Sn, Wo)
• Jurassic to Early Cretaceous magmatic arcs (Cu, Au)
• Woyla Group and Accretion Complex (Au-Ag, Pb-Zn)
• Late Cretaceous magmatic arc (Sn, Au-Ag)
• Palaeocene magmatic arc (Cu, Au-Ag)
• Late Eocene-Early Miocene magmatic arc
• Miocene-Pliocene magmatic arc (porphyry Cu, Mo)
• Neogene magmatic arc (Au-Ag)
• Conclusions

Chapter 13. Structure and structural history (17.7 Mb)
A. J. BARBER • M. J. CROW

• The Sunda forearc
• The Barisan Mountains
• Tertiary basins in the backarc area

Chapter 14. Tectonic evolution (6.1 Mb)
A. J. BARBER, M. J. CROW & M. E. M. DE SMET

• Pulunggono & Cameron (1984) model
• Fontaine & Gafoer (1989) model
• Metcalfe (1996) model
• Hutchison (1994) model
• Revised tectonic model for Sumatra
• The Woyla Nappe and the Mesozoic evolution of the Sundaland margin
• Tertiary palaeogeography of Sumatra
• Recommendations for future work on Sumatran geology

Appendix Radiometric age data for Sumatra (3.2 Mb)

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Geophysical Field Theory and Method, Part A, Volume 49: Gravitational, Electric, and Magnetic Fields

Geophysical Field Theory and Method, Part A, Volume 49: Gravitational, Electric, and Magnetic Fields
Academic Press | June 22, 1992 | ISBN-10: 0124020410 | 581 pages | PDF | 19 Mb

An essential book for all students and scientists in the field, Part A of Geophysical Field Theory and Method describes the physical and mathematical principles of geophysical methods, specifically the behavior of gravitational, electrical, and magnetic fields. The broader use of these methods underlines the far-reaching appeal of this book. Oil and mineral prospecting, solving groundwater and engineering problems, and well-logging are just some of the activities which involve geophysical methods. Parts B and C will be devoted to the theory of fields and applied to electromagnetic, seismic, nuclear, and geothermal methods.

CONTENT

Chapter I Fields and Their Generators (4.8 Mb)
I.1 Scalars and Vectors, Systems of Coordinates 1
I.2 The Solid Angle 12
I.3 Fields 22
I.4 Scalar Field and Gradient 23
I.5 Geometric Model of a Field 36
I.6 Flux, Divergence, Gauss' Theorem 40
I.7 Voltage, Circulation, Curl, Stokes' Theorem 52
I.8 Two Types of Fields and Their Generators: Field Equations 66
I.9 Harmonic Fields 81
I.10 Source Fields 100
I.11 Vortex Fields 123
References 136

Chapter II The Gravitational Field (2.1 Mb)
II.1 Newton's Law of Attraction and the Gravitational Field 139
II.2 Determination of the Gravitational Field 157
II.3 System of Equations of the Gravitational Field and Upward Continuation 178
References 199

Chapter III Electric Fields (6.7 Mb)
III.1 Coulomb's Law 200
III.2 System of Equations for the Time-Invariant Electric Field and Potential 213
III.3 The Electric Field in the Presence of Dielectrics 238
III.4 Electric Current, Conductivity, and Ohm's Law 251
III.5 Electric Charges in a Conducting Medium 265
III.6 Resistance 274
III.7 The Extraneous Field and Its Electromotive Force 286
III.8 The Work of Coulomb and Extraneous Forces, Joule's Law 299
III.9 Determination of the Electric Field in a Conducting Medium 304
III.l0 Behavior of the Electric Field in a Conducting Medium 326
References 396

Chapter IV Magnetic Fields (5.1 Mb)
IV.1 Interaction of Currents, Biot-Savart's Law, the Magnetic Field 398
IV.2 The Vector Potential of the Magnetic Field 405
IV.3 The System of Equations of the Magnetic Field B Caused by Conduction Currents 425
IV.4 Determination of the Magnetic Field B Caused by Conduction Currents 432
IV.5 Behavior of the Magnetic Field Caused by Conduction Currents 444
IV.6 Magnetization and Molecular Currents: The Field H and Its Relation to the Magnetic Field B 481
IV.7 Systems of Equations for the Magnetic Field B and the Field H 493
IV.8 Behavior of the Magnetic Field Caused by Currents in the Earth 511
References 565


Index (0.5 Mb)
International Geophysics Series 579

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Roy Merritt - Coal Exploration, Mine Planning and Development

Roy Merritt - Coal Exploration, Mine Planning and Development
Publisher: William Andrew | 1987-01-14 | ISBN: 0815510705 | PDF | 478 pages | 101.70 MB

This is an important look at coal exploration and mining worldwide, with discussions on the parameters and decision-making factors in drilling and processing coal.

Contents

GENERAL UNITS AND CONVERSION FACTORS xi

1. INTRODUCTION TO COAL AND COAL ISSUES  (4.2 Mb)
2. COAL DEPOSITS OF THE WORLD  (2.0 Mb)
3. EXPLORATION AND MAPPING METHODS  (6.1 Mb)
4. METHODS IN LOGISTICAL PLANNING  (0.5 Mb)
5. DEPOSITIONAL MODELING METHODS  (7.6 Mb)
6. METHODS IN BASINAL ANALYSIS  (2.2 Mb)
7. METHODS IN RESOURCE MODELING (3.0 Mb)
8. SAMPLING METHODS (2.3 Mb)
9. METHODS OF ANALYSIS (10.0 Mb)
10. METHODS IN DATA ACQUISITION AND PROJECTION (1.6 Mb)
11. METHODS IN DATA SYNTHESIS AND INTERPRETATION (1.3 Mb)
12. METHODS IN GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF COAL INFORMATION (2.1 Mb)
13. METHODS IN REFERENCE, INFORMATION COMPILATION, AND LITERATURE REVIEW (0.4 Mb)
14. METHODS IN PREMINE PLANNING (3.9 Mb)
15. METHODS IN ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE ASSESSMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE PROTECTION (3.9 Mb)
16. FUTURE METHODS (0.3 Mb)
17. GLOSSARY (26.1 Mb)
18. BIBLIOGRAPHY (6.1 Mb)
19. SUBJECT INDEX (19.5 Mb)

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Note : If you can not open the downloaded file, and your Adobe Reader reports on the damaged file, then update your Adobe Reader. Lastest version of Adobe Reader opens this book perfectly.

Routine Coal and Coke Analysis: Collection, Interpretation, and Use of Analytical Data

John T. Riley, "Routine Coal and Coke Analysis: Collection, Interpretation, and Use of Analytical Data"
ASTM International | 2007 | ISBN: 0803145152 | 104 pages | PDF | 1,1 MB 

 

 

 Ten comprehensive chapters give you the latest information available on routine coal and coke analysis. It provides descriptions of over 35 ASTM standard methods, discussions of the utilization of the methods in industry, and the significance of the data collected using the methods.

Chapters cover:

• Classification of Coals by Rank
• Microcomponents in Coal
• Sampling
• Coal Testing
• Proximate Analysis
• Ultimate Analysis
• Calculating Coal Analysis from as Determined to Different bases
• Miscellaneous Analysis
• New Developments in Instrumentation for Routine Coal Analysis
• References

This manual is a collection of observations and notes gathered by the author, John T. Riley, Ph.D., while working for nearly three decades in coal science. It provides experiences from three different levels of involvement in coal science work:
 

1. Teaching undergraduate and graduate courses in analytical, coal, and materials chemistry
2. Conducting funded research in coal and fuel science
3. Actively participating in standards development projects in ASTM International's Committee D05 on Coal and Coke

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Introduction to Directional and Horizontal Drilling

"Introduction to Directional and Horizontal Drilling" by J. A. "Jim" Short
Pennwell Books | 1993 | ISBN: 0878143955 | 239 pages | PDF | 43 Mb

An introductory text on directional and horizontal drilling and related activities. Arranged by the "natural sequence of events", the latter portions of the text depend upon prior material in a building block fashion. This book is for anyone interested in directional and horizontal drilling. It should be very helpful to beginning employees as well as to personnel in other sectors of the oil and gas industry, including those in related fields such as service and supply companies. Read the book to learn general information about directional and horizontal drilling, scan it for special subjects, or use it as a reference or textbook.

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Slurry Systems Handbook

Slurry Systems Handbook
Publisher:McGraw-Hill | Pages: 800 | 2002-04-08 | ISBN 0071375082 | PDF | 10 MB

The most comprehensive resource on slurries and slurry systems, covering everything from fluid mechanics to soil classification, pump design to selection criteria.

Slurries are mixtures of liquids and solid particles of all types. For instance, liquid is used as a way of transporting what you get out of the mine, which might be better than shoveling it into freight cars and carrying it out by train.

Slurry systems are fundamental to dredging, many mineral processes, bridge and tunnel construction, and to the manufacturer of synthetic petroleum products from oil sands.

Download Here : Part 1, Part 2, and Part 3.