F G Bell, "Engineering Geology"

F G Bell, "Engineering Geology"
Butterworth-Heinemann | ISBN: 0750680776 | 2 edition (February 14, 2007) | PDF | 592 pages | 24 MB 

Every engineering structure, whether it's a building, bridge or road, is affected by the ground on which it is built. Geology is of fundamental importance when deciding on the location and design of all engineering works, and it is essential that engineers have a basic knowledge of the subject.

Engineering Geology introduces the fundamentals of the discipline and ensures that engineers have a clear understanding of the processes at work, and how they will impact on what is to be built. Core areas such as stratigraphy, rock types, structures and geological processes are explained, and put in context. The basics of soil mechanics and the links between groundwater conditions and underlying geology are introduced.

As well as the theoretical knowledge necessary, Professor Bell introduces the techniques that engineers will need to learn about and understand the geological conditions in which they intend to build. Site investigation techniques are detailed, and the risks and risk avoidance methods for dealing with different conditions are explained.

* Accessible introduction to geology for engineers
* Key points illustrated with diagrams and photographs
* Teaches the impact of geology on the planning and design of structures

 

Contents

1.Rock Types and Stratigraphy

Igneous Rocks 1

Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks 15

Sedimentary Rocks 25

Stratigraphy and Stratification 38

2.Geological Structures

Folds 47

Faults 55

Discontinuities 61

3.Surface Processes

Weathering 77

Movement of Slopes 88

Fluvial Processes 100

Karst Topography and Underground Drainage 111

Glaciation 114

Wind Action and Desert Landscapes 126

Coasts and Shorelines 135

Storm Surges and Tsunamis 144

4.Groundwater Conditions and Supply

The Origin and Occurrence of Groundwater 151

The Water Table or Phreatic Surface 151

Aquifers, Aquicludes and Aquitards 152

Capillary Movement in Soil 156

Porosity and Permeability 157

Flow through Soils and Rocks 165

Pore Pressures, Total Pressures and Effective Pressures 169

Critical Hydraulic Gradient, Quick Conditions and

Hydraulic Uplift Phenomena 172

Groundwater Exploration 173

Assessment of Field Permeability 177

Assessment of Flow in the Field 180

Groundwater Quality 183

Wells 186

Safe Yield 189

Artificial Recharge 190

Groundwater Pollution 191

5.Description, Properties and Behaviour of Soils and Rocks

Soil Classification 201

Coarse Soils 210

Silts and Loess 213

Clay Deposits 217

Tropical Soils 227

Dispersive Soils 229

Soils of Arid Regions 232

Tills and Other Glacially Associated Deposits 235

Frost Action in Soil 242

Organic Soils: Peat 247

Description of Rocks and Rock Masses 249

Engineering Aspects of Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks 254

Engineering Behaviour of Sedimentary Rocks 259

6.Geological Materials Used in Construction

Building or Dimension Stone 277

Roofing and Facing Materials 287

Armourstone 289

Crushed Rock: Concrete Aggregate 291

Road Aggregate 294

Gravels and Sands 297

Lime, Cement and Plaster 301

Clays and Clay Products 302

7.Site Investigation

Desk Study and Preliminary Reconnaissance 311

Site Exploration – Direct Methods 318

In Situ Testing 334

Field Instrumentation 344

Geophysical Methods: Indirect Site Exploration 346

Maps for Engineering Purposes 365

Geographical Information Systems 369

8.Geology, Planning and Development

Introduction 377

Geological Hazards, Risk Assessment and Planning 380

Hazard Maps 381

Natural Geological Hazards and Planning 383

Geological-Related Hazards Induced by Man 420

Derelict and Contaminated Land 446

9.Geology and Construction

Open Excavation 453

Tunnels and Tunnelling 470

Underground Caverns 496

Shafts and Raises 499

Reservoirs 501

Dams and Dam Sites 507

Highways 523

Railroads 536

Bridges 537

Foundations for Buildings 539

Suggestions for Further Reading 551

References 559

Index 575

 

Geological Methods in Mineral Exploration and Mining, Second Edition

Roger Marjoribanks, "Geological Methods in Mineral Exploration and Mining, Second Edition"
Springer | 2010 | ISBN: 3540743707 | 238 pages | PDF | 5,6 MB

This practical step-by-step guide describes the key geological field techniques needed by today's exploration geologists involved in the search for metallic mineral deposits. The techniques described are fundamental to the collection, storage and presentation of geological data and their use to locate ore. This book explains the various tasks which an exploration geologist is asked to perform in the sequence in which they might be employed in an actual exploration project. Hints and tips are given and the steps are illustrated with numerous examples drawn from real programmes on which the author has worked. Traditional skills are emphasised to show how they can be combined effectively with modern high-technology approaches. For instance this second edition also reviews new techniques geophysics along with GPS applications in exploration and the application of state-of-the-art software to mapping, 3D modelling and resource estimation. Another important facet is the discussion of harm minimisation, especially during the exploration stage, beginning with landowner and community consultation, through exploration planning, leading to sustainable and environmentally responsible mining practices.

Contents
1 Prospecting and the Exploration Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Generating New Projects and Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 Some Ways of Generating New Exploration Ideas . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 A Check-List of Negative Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.5 Stages in Prospect Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5.1 Target Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5.2 Target Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5.3 Resource Evaluation Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5.4 Feasibility Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.6 Maximizing Success in Exploration Programmes . . . . . . . . 7
1.7 Different Types of Exploration Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.8 Exploration Feedbacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.9 Breaking Occam’s Razor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2 Geological Mapping in Exploration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.1 WhyMake aMap? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1.2 TheNature of aGeologicalMap . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.1.3 Intelligent Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.4 Choosing the Best Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.1.5 Choosing the Best Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.1.6 Measuring and Recording Structures . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.1.7 Using Satellite Navigation (GPS) . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2 Mapping Using Reflectance Imagery as a Map Base . . . . . . 25
2.2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2.2 Acquiring Air Photographs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.3 Geological Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.4 Determining Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2.5 Stereoscopic Image Pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.2.6 Image Handling Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.2.7 Working with Enlarged Air Photographs . . . . . . . . 34

2.2.8 DataTransfer toBaseMap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.3 Mapping with a Plane Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.4 Mapping on a Pegged Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.4.1 Requirements of the Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.4.2 Making theMap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.5 Mapping with Tape and Compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3 Mine Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.2 Mapping in Open Cuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.3 Mapping Underground Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.4 Safety inMines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4 Trenching and Underground Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.1 Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.2 Pitting and Trenching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.3 Underground Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
4.4 Safety and Logistics in Trenching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.5 Geological Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.6 Geochemical Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.7 Examples of Successful Exploration Programmes . . . . . . . . 71
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
5 Drilling: A General Discussion the Importance of Drilling . . . . . 75
5.1 Types of Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.2 Choosing the Right Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.3 TargetingHoles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.4 Drilling on Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
6 Rotary Percussion and Auger Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.1 Rotary Percussion Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.1.1 Reverse Circulation Drilling (RC) . . . . . . . . . . . 85
6.1.2 Air Core Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
6.1.3 Rotary Air Blast (RAB) Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
6.2 Auger Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
7 Diamond Drilling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
7.1 Preamble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
7.2 SomeDefinitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
7.3 BeforeYouBegin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
7.4 Setting Up a Diamond Hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
7.5 GeologicalObservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
7.6 Recognizing and Interpreting Structures in Core . . . . . . . . . 104

7.6.1 Statement of theProblem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
7.6.2 Planar Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
7.6.3 Faults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
7.6.4 Linear Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
7.6.5 Folds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
7.6.6 The Scale Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
7.6.7 Vergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
7.7 Measuring and Recording Structures in Core . . . . . . . . . . 113
7.8 Core Logging Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
7.8.1 Prose Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
7.8.2 Graphical Scale Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
7.8.3 Analytical Spreadsheet Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
7.9 Down-HoleSurveying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
7.9.1 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
7.9.2 Using Down-Hole Survey Data to Plot Sections andPlans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
7.10 When Should Core Be Oriented? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7.11 Sampling andAssaying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
7.12 CoreHandling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
7.13 Core Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
8 Satellite Imagery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
8.1 General Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
8.2 How Earth Observation Satellites Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
8.3 Display of Satellite Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
8.4 Geological Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
8.5 Analysis of Reflectance Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
9 Geophysical and Geochemical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
9.1 General Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
9.2 Magnetic Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
9.3 GravitySurveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
9.4 RadiometricSurveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
9.5 Electromagnetic (EM) Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
9.6 ElectricalSurveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
9.7 Hybrid Electrical and Magnetic Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
9.8 Advances in Instrumentation and Data Modelling . . . . . . . . 153
9.9 Stream Sediment Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
9.10 SoilSampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
9.11 Heavy Mineral Concentrate (HMC) Sampling . . . . . . . . . . 158
9.12 RockChipSampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
9.13 LateriteSampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

10 Geographical Information Systems and Exploration Databases . . 165
10.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
10.2 The Need for Digital Exploration Databases . . . . . . . . . . . 165
10.3 GISStorage ofMapData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
10.3.1 Digitised Line Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
10.3.2 Polygon or Vector Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
10.3.3 RasterFormat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
10.4 Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
10.5 Georeferencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
10.5.1 Geographical Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
10.5.2 CartesianCoordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
10.5.3 MapDatums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
10.5.4 MapRegistering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
10.6 Manipulation ofGISData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
10.7 Presentation ofGISData . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Appendix A
Notes on the Use of Graphical Scale Logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
A.1 Column 1(HoleDepth) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
A.2 Column 2(CoreRecovery) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
A.3 Column 3 (Core Quality) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
A.4 Column 4 (SampleNo.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
A.5 Column 5 (AssayResults) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
A.6 Column 6 (Mapping Logs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
A.7 Column 7 (HistogramLogs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
A.8 Column 8 (GeologyNotes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
A.9 Column 9 (SummaryLog) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
A.10 RemarksArea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Appendix B
Oriented Drill Core: Techniques and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . 183
B.1 Techniques for Orienting Drill Core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
B.1.1 Non-mechanical Means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
B.1.2 Mechanical Means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
B.2 How to Handle Oriented Core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
B.3 HowtoMeasureStructures inOrientedCore . . . . . . . . . . 190
B.3.1 BeforeYouMeasure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
B.3.2 How Many Measurements Are Needed? . . . . . . . . 191
B.3.3 UsingaCoreFrame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
B.3.4 UsingInternalCoreAngles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
B.3.5 Discussion on the Best Measuring Technique . . . . . 201
B.3.6 Plotting Structure Measurements on Drill Section . . . 202
Appendix C
Calculating Strike and Dip from Multiple Diamond Drill Holes . . 205
C.1 TheThreePointProblem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
C.2 SolutionUsingStructureContours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
C.3 Solution Using a Stereonet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
C.4 An Elegant Solution to Determining the Attitude of
Planes in Non-oriented Core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Appendix D
How to Use a Stereo Net to Convert Internal Core Angles to Geographic Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
D.1 The Solution for Planar Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
D.2 The Solution for Linear Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Appendix E
Practical Field Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
E.1 Choosing the Right Compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
E.2 Understanding Your Compass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
E.3 Measuring the Strike and Dip of Planes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
E.4 Measuring the Trend and Plunge of Lineations . . . . . . . . . 218
Appendix F
Suggested Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Acronyms and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

Download Here

Sumatra: Geology, Resources and Tectonic Evolution (Geological Society Memoirs, No. 31)

Sumatra: Geology, Resources and Tectonic Evolution (Geological Society Memoirs, No. 31)

Publisher: Geological Society of London | ISBN: 1862391807 | edition 2005 | PDF | 300 pages | 47,8 mb

 This volume provides the first comprehensive account of the geology of Sumatra since the masterly synthesis of van Bemmelen (1949). Following the establishment of the Geological Survey of Indonesia, after WW II, the whole island has been mapped geologically at the reconnaissance level, with the collaboration of the geological surveys of the United States and the United Kingdom. The mapping programme, completed in the mid-1990s, together with supplementary data obtained by academic institutions and petroleum and mineral exploration companies, has resulted in a vast increase in geological information, which is summarized in this volume. The synthesis of structural controls on sedimentation and magmatism during the tectonic evolution of Sumatra since the late Palaeozoic has provided a background for the formation of economic deposits of metallic minerals, coal, oil and gas. The volume provides a sound basis for future geological research and for the exploration of the energy and mineral resources of the island.

CONTENT

Chapter 1. Introduction and previous research (3.0 Mb)
A. J. BARBER, M. J. CROW & J. S. MILSOM 

• History of geological research in Sumatra before WWII
• Post-WWII research
• SEATAR Programme
• Indonesian Petroleum Association
• British and Indonesian Geological Surveys
• University of London Southeast Asian Research Group, BGS and LEMIGAS 
• Southern Sumatra Project

Chapter 2. Seismology and neotectonics (2.2 Mb)
J. S. MILSOM

• Shallow seismicity
• The Wadati-Benioff Zone (WBZ)
• Toba seismicity
• Relative horizontal movements
• GPS data, the Enggano and Simeulue earthquakes and Mentawai Fault
• Vertical movements

Chapter 3. The gravity field (1.6 Mb)
J. S. MILSOM & A. S. D. WALKER

• Data sources
• Regional gravity patterns
• Toba-Tawar gravity low
• Eastern Sumatra
• Gravity effects of sedimentary basins
• The forearc basin
• Seismic tomography and the long-wavelength gravity field

Chapter 4. Pre-Tertiary stratigraphy (3.8 Mb)
A. J. BARBER • M. J. CROW

• Pre-Carboniferous basement
• Tapanuli Group (Carboniferous - ?Early Permian)
• Peusanguan Group (Permo-Triassic)
• Woyla Group (Jurassic-Cretaceous)

Chapter 5. Granites (1.4 Mb)
E. J. COBBING

• Isotopic ages of Sumatran granites
• The granite suites
• Conclusions

Chapter 6. Pre-Tertiary volcanic rocks (2.5 Mb)
M. J. CROW

• Carboniferous volcanism
• East Sumatra Plutonic-Volcanic Belt (Permian volcanism)
• West Sumatra Permian Plutonic-Volcanic Belt (Early-Mid-Permian volcanism)
• Geochemistry of the Silungkang and Palepat Formations
• Metavolcanics and serpentinites in the Medial Sumatra Tectonic Zone
• Bentong-Billiton Accretionary Complex
• West Sumatra Triassic Plutonic-Volcanic Arc
• Pahang Volcanic Belt
• Jurassic-Cretaceous Plutonic-Volcanic Arcs
• Volcanics in the Woyla Accretionary Complex
• Oceanic volcanic arc fragments
• Origins of the volcanic units and their environments of formation

Chapter 7. Tertiary stratigraphy (1.8 Mb)
M. E. M. DE SMET & A. J. BARBER

• Stratigraphic review
• Pre-Rift stage (Eocene)
• Horst and graben stage (latest Eocene-Oligocene)
• Transgressive stage (Late Oligocene-Mid-Miocene)
• Maximum transgression (Mid-Miocene)
• Regressive stage (Mid-Miocene-Present)
• Summary

Chapter 8. Tertiary volcanicity (2.1 Mb)
M. J. CROW

• Radiometric dating of volcanism and plutonism in Sumatra
• Tertiary volcanic stratigraphy
• Major and trace element geochemistry of the Tertiary volcanic rocks
• Volcanism, plutonism and subduction beneath Sumatra during the Tertiary: summary of Tertiary volcanism and tectonic overview

Chapter 9. Quaternary volcanicity (1.5 Mb)
M. GASPARON

• Quaternary volcanic arc and its relationship with main tectonic features of Sumatra
• Pyroclastic deposits
• Quaternary arc volcanoes
• Quaternary backarc volcanics
• Volcanic hazard

Chapter 10. Fuel resources: oil and gas (1.6 Mb)
J. CLURE

• North Sumatra Basin
• Central Sumatra Basin
• South Sumatra Basin
• Other Sumatran basins

Chapter 11. Fuel resources: coal (0.5 Mb)
L. P. THOMAS

• Geology and coal deposits in Sumatra
• Coal quality
• Coal resources and production

Chapter 12. Metallic mineral resources (2.7 Mb)
M. J. CROW & T. M. VAN LEEUWEN

• Sources of data
• Timing of metallic mineralization events in Sumatra
• Palaeozoic sedimentary basins (Pb-Zn)
• Late Triassic-Early Jurassic magmatic arc and the Tin Granites (Sn, Wo)
• Jurassic to Early Cretaceous magmatic arcs (Cu, Au)
• Woyla Group and Accretion Complex (Au-Ag, Pb-Zn)
• Late Cretaceous magmatic arc (Sn, Au-Ag)
• Palaeocene magmatic arc (Cu, Au-Ag)
• Late Eocene-Early Miocene magmatic arc
• Miocene-Pliocene magmatic arc (porphyry Cu, Mo)
• Neogene magmatic arc (Au-Ag)
• Conclusions

Chapter 13. Structure and structural history (17.7 Mb)
A. J. BARBER • M. J. CROW

• The Sunda forearc
• The Barisan Mountains
• Tertiary basins in the backarc area

Chapter 14. Tectonic evolution (6.1 Mb)
A. J. BARBER, M. J. CROW & M. E. M. DE SMET

• Pulunggono & Cameron (1984) model
• Fontaine & Gafoer (1989) model
• Metcalfe (1996) model
• Hutchison (1994) model
• Revised tectonic model for Sumatra
• The Woyla Nappe and the Mesozoic evolution of the Sundaland margin
• Tertiary palaeogeography of Sumatra
• Recommendations for future work on Sumatran geology

Appendix Radiometric age data for Sumatra (3.2 Mb)

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Introduction to Physical Geology

Introduction to Physical Geology
Publisher: Brooks Cole | ISBN: 0030243483 | edition 1997 | PDF | 398 pages | 16,4 mb

Written for an introductory one-semester geology course, this text is a brief version of Thompson/Turk's MODERN PHYSICAL GEOLOGY. Thompson/Turk's brief text offers professors a more streamlined alternative to the longer, more detailed introductory text. INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICAL GEOLOGY emphasizes human-environment inte
Gray Thompson is Professor of Geology at The University of Montana, where he teaches Introductory Geology, Mineralogy, Summer Field Mapping, and graduate courses in Clay Mineralogy and Shale Petrology. He has published more than twenty research papers in international journals, mostly co-authored with his students. He is also a mountaineer and professional guide with first ascents, many with Jon Turk, of peaks and routes in the Rocky authored Mountains, Alaska, the Yukon, Baffin Island, the Alps, the Karakoram, and the Himalayas. He has many articles published in international climbing magazines and journals, and has been the subject of other articles in these publications. Many of the photographs in this text were taken by Thompson and Turk on their climbing trips and expeditions over the past 15 years. 

Content

C H A P T E R 1 Geology and the Earth

1.1 THE SCIENCE OF GEOLOGY

1.2 UNIFORMITARIANISM AND CATASTROPHISM

1.3 GEOLOGIC TIME

1.4 THE EARTH’S ORIGIN

1.5 GEOLOGIC CHANGE THE ENVIRONMENT

C H A P T E R 2 Plate Tectonics : A First Look

2.1 AN OVERVIEW OF PLATE TECTONICS

2.2 THE EARTH’S LAYERS

2.3 PLATES AND PLATE TECTONICS

2.4 THE ANATOMY OF A TECTONIC PLATE

2.5 CONSEQUENCES OF MOVING PLATES

2.6 THE SEARCH FOR A MECHANISM

2.7 SUPERCONTINENTS

2.8 ISOSTASY: VERTICAL MOVEMENT OF THE LITHOSPHERE

C H A P T E R 3 Minerals

3.1 WHAT IS A MINERAL?

3.2 ELEMENTS,ATOMS,AND THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MINERALS

3.3 CRYSTALS:THE CRYSTALLINE NATURE OF MINERALS

3.4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS

3.5 ROCK-FORMING MINERALS, ACCESSORY MINERALS,GEMS,ORE MINERALS,AND INDUSTRIAL MINERALS

3.6 MINERAL CLASSIFICATION

3.7 IONIC SUBSTITUTION

C H A P T E R 4 Igneous Rocks

4.1 ROCKS AND THE ROCK CYCLE

4.2 IGNEOUS ROCKS:THE ORIGINS OF MAGMA

4.3 CLASSIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS

4.4 COMMON IGNEOUS ROCKS

4.5 PARTIAL MELTING AND THE ORIGINS OF COMMON IGNEOUS ROCKS

C H A P T E R 5 Plutons and Volcanoes

5.1 THE BEHAVIOR OF MAGMA

5.2 PLUTONS

5.3 VOLCANIC ROCKS AND VOLCANOES

5.4 VIOLENT MAGMA: ASH-FLOW TUFFS AND CALDERAS

5.5 RISK ASSESSMENT: PREDICTING VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

C H A P T E R 6 Weathering and Soil

6.1 WEATHERING

6.2 MECHANICAL WEATHERING

6.3 CHEMICAL WEATHERING

6.4 CHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL WEATHERING OPERATING TOGETHER

6.5 SOIL

6.6 SOIL-FORMING FACTORS

C H A P T E R 7 Sedimentary Rocks

7.1 TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

7.2 CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

7.3 ORGANIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

7.4 CHEMICAL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

7.5 BIOCLASTIC ROCKS

7.6 SEDIMENTARY STRUCTURES

7.7 INTERPRETING SEDIMENTARY ROCKS: DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENTS

C H A P T E R 8 Metamorphic Rocks

8.1 MINERAL STABILITY AND METAMORPHISM

8.2 METAMORPHIC CHANGES

8.3 TYPES OF METAMORPHISM AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS

8.4 MEASURING METAMORPHIC GRADE

C H A P T E R 9 Geologic Time: A Story in the Rocks

9.1 GEOLOGIC TIME

9.2 RELATIVE GEOLOGIC TIME

9.3 UNCONFORMITIES

9.4 FOSSILS AND FAUNAL SUCCESSION

9.5 CORRELATION

9.6 ABSOLUTE GEOLOGIC TIME

9.7 THE GEOLOGIC COLUMN AND TIME SCALE

C H A P T E R 10 Earthquakes and the Earth's Structure

10.1 WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE?

10.2 EARTHQUAKE WAVES

10.3 EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE

10.4 EARTHQUAKES AND TECTONIC PLATE BOUNDARIES

10.5 EARTHQUAKE PREDICTION

10.6 STUDYING THE EARTH’S INTERIOR

10.7 THE EARTH’S MAGNETISM

C H A P T E R 11 Ocean Basins

11.1 THE EARTH’S OCEANS

11.2 STUDYING THE SEA FLOOR

11.3 SEA-FLOOR MAGNETISM

11.4 THE MID-OCEANIC RIDGE

11.5 SEDIMENT AND ROCKS OF THE DEEP SEA FLOOR

11.6 CONTINENTAL MARGINS

11.7 ISLAND ARCS

11.8 SEAMOUNTS AND OCEANIC ISLANDS

C H A P T E R 12 Geologic Structures, Mountain Ranges, and Continents

12.1 ROCK DEFORMATION

12.2 GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES

12.3 MOUNTAINS AND MOUNTAIN RANGES

12.4 ISLAND ARCS: MOUNTAIN BUILDING DURING CONVERGENCE BETWEEN TWO OCEANIC PLATES

12.5 THE ANDES: SUBDUCTION AT A CONTINENTAL MARGIN

12.6 THE HIMALAYAN MOUNTAIN CHAIN: A COLLISION BETWEEN CONTINENTS

12.7 THE ORIGIN OF CONTINENTS

C H A P T E R 13 Mass Wasting

13.1 MASS WASTING

13.2 FACTORS THAT CONTROL MASS WASTING

13.3 TYPES OF MASS WASTING

13.4 THREE CASE STUDIES: MASS WASTING TRIGGERED BY EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

13.5 PREDICTING AND AVOIDING LANDSLIDES

C H A P T E R 14 Streams and Lakes

14.1 THE WATER CYCLE

14.2 STREAMS

14.3 STREAM EROSION

14.4 STREAM DEPOSITS

14.5 DOWNCUTTING AND BASE LEVEL

14.6 DRAINAGE BASINS

14.7 FLOODS

14.8 LAKES

C H A P T E R 15 Ground Water

15.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUND WATER

15.2 MOVEMENT OF GROUND WATER

15.3 USE OF GROUND WATER

15.4 GROUND-WATER POLLUTION

15.5 GROUND WATER AND NUCLEAR WASTE DISPOSAL

15.6 CAVERNS AND KARST TOPOGRAPHY

15.7 HOT SPRINGS AND GEYSERS

15.8 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

C H A P T E R 16 Deserts

16.1 WHY DO DESERTS EXIST?

16.2 DESERT LANDFORMS

16.3 TWO DESERT LANDSCAPES IN THE UNITED STATES

16.4 WIND IN DESERTS

C H A P T E R 17 Glaciers and Ice Ages

17.1 FORMATION OF GLACIERS

17.2 GLACIAL MOVEMENT

17.3 GLACIAL EROSION

17.4 GLACIAL DEPOSITS

17.5 THE PLEISTOCENE ICE AGE

C H A P T E R 18 Coastlines

18.1 WAVES, TIDES, AND CURRENTS

18.2 THE WATER’S EDGE

18.3 EMERGENT AND SUBMERGENT COASTLINES

18.4 SANDY AND ROCKY COASTLINES

18.5 DEVELOPMENT OF COASTLINES

18.6 GLOBAL WARMING AND SEA-LEVEL RISE

C H A P T E R 19 Geologic Resources

19.1 GEOLOGIC RESOURCES

19.2 NONMETALLIC MINERAL RESOURCES

19.3 METALS AND ORE

19.4 HOW ORE FORMS

19.5 MINERAL RESERVES

19.6 COAL

19.7 MINES AND MINING

19.8 PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS

19.9 NUCLEAR FUELS AND REACTORS

C H A P T E R 20 The Geological Evolution of North America

20.1 THE NORTH AMERICAN CONTINENT

20.2 THE CRATON

20.3 NORTH AMERICA: 2 BILLION YEARS AGO

20.4 NORTH AMERICA: 1 BILLION YEARS AGO

20.5 NORTH AMERICA: A HALF BILLION YEARS AGO

20.6 BREAKUP OF PANGEA III

20.7 BUILDING OF THE WESTERN MOUNTAINS

20.8 THE PLEISTOCENE ICE AGE AND THE ARRIVAL OF HUMANS IN NORTH AMERICA

A P P E N D I X A Systems of Measurement

A P P E N D I X B Rock Symbols

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